{"id":99178,"date":"2023-07-24T08:18:44","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T05:18:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/?p=99178"},"modified":"2023-07-24T08:23:19","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T05:23:19","slug":"99178-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/?p=99178","title":{"rendered":"FBI Returns 16th-Century Letter from Spanish Conquistador to Mexican Government."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: ltr;\">New York &#8211; Rashad Alkhader &#8211; Free Yemen Eye &#8211; From -News-FBI<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: ltr;\">After an investigation by the FBI Boston Division\u2014in collaboration with our legal attach\u00e9 office in Mexico City and our international partners\u2014the FBI returned a letter signed by Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s to the government of Mexico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-99184 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42-205x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"205\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42-205x300.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42-701x1024.jpeg 701w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42-768x1121.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42-1052x1536.jpeg 1052w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/49AFA96A-EC67-4F5F-8937-82BD12242F42.jpeg 1217w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-row row\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-leftmost mosaic-width-two-thirds col-md-8\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile castle-rawhtml-tile movable removable mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile mosaic-tile-padding-right\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<p>On July 19, the FBI returned a letter signed by Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s to the government of Mexico. An investigation by the FBI Boston Division in collaboration with our legal attach\u00e9 office in Mexico City and our international partners made the repatriation possible.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;We are incredibly honored to be able to assist in the return of this national treasure to the people of Mexico,&#8221; said Christopher DiMenna, acting special agent in charge of the FBI Boston Division. &#8220;This manuscript, which is nearly five centuries old, preserves an important part of Mexico\u2019s history and reflects the FBI\u2019s ongoing commitment to protect cultural heritage, not only in the United States but around the world. The recovery of this priceless artifact is a direct result of our close and ongoing collaboration with the government of Mexico, and we are very thankful for their partnership.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-two-thirds mosaic-width-third col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile castle-rawhtml-tile movable removable mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-row row\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-leftmost mosaic-width-two-thirds col-md-8\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile castle-rawhtml-tile movable removable mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile mosaic-tile-padding-right\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<p>According to Supervisory Special Agent Kristin Koch, who manages the FBI\u2019s <a href=\"resolveuid\/b284cd8ff12942f29db04adce45ce2c7\" data-urltype=\"_direct_\" data-linktype=\"internal\" data-val=\"b284cd8ff12942f29db04adce45ce2c7\">Art Crime Program<\/a> and led the FBI Boston Division\u2019s investigation, the letter dates back to April 1527. It was signed by Cort\u00e9s, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/exploring-the-early-americas\/cortes-and-the-aztecs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-urltype=\"\/view\" data-linktype=\"external\" data-val=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/exploring-the-early-americas\/cortes-and-the-aztecs.html\">whose large-scale expedition from Spain to Mexico <\/a>about eight years earlier eventually led to the downfall of the Aztec Empire.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe document itself is a payment order that he signed authorizing the purchase of rose sugar for the pharmacy in exchange for 12 gold pesos,\u201d Koch said.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Disappearing Letter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The letter was originally in the possession of Mexico\u2019s national archives, formally known as El Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n, Koch said. However, she explained it was among a batch of 15 historic documents\u2014all signed by the Spanish explorer\u2014that were looted from the institution &#8220;sometime in the late &#8217;80s or early &#8217;90s.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The letter was rediscovered at a Massachusetts-based auction house in 2022, decades after it had gone missing. After the company\u2019s website put the letter up for auction, a representative of Mexico\u2019s national archives reached out to FBI for help.<\/p>\n<p>According to Koch, neither the FBI nor the Mexican government know when or how the document was stolen, nor how it made its way onto American soil. \u201cBut we do know that it ended up in an auction house in California in the early &#8217;90s, and it moved through several different hands until it reached the person that consigned it to the auction house in Massachusetts,\u201d\u00a0Koch said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-two-thirds mosaic-width-third col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"movable removable mosaic-tile mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<blockquote>\n<h2>&#8220;This manuscript, which is nearly five centuries old, preserves an important part of Mexico\u2019s history\u00a0and reflects the FBI\u2019s ongoing commitment to protect cultural heritage, not only in the United States but around the world.\u201d<\/h2>\n<h4>Acting Special Agent in Charge Christopher DiMenna, FBI Boston Division<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-row row\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-leftmost mosaic-width-two-thirds col-md-8\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile movable removable mosaic-IRichText-text-tile mosaic-tile-padding-right mosaic-tile-padding-bottom\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Koch said the FBI authenticated the artifact through a process known as the mutual legal assistance treaty process, which allows \u201claw enforcement authorities and prosecutors to obtain evidence, information, and testimony abroad in a form admissible in the courts of the Requesting State,\u201d according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/criminal-oia\/file\/1498806\/download#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20matter%2C%20MLATs,of%20the%20treaty%20are%20satisfied.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-linktype=\"external\" data-urltype=\"\/view\" data-val=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/criminal-oia\/file\/1498806\/download#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20matter%2C%20MLATs,of%20the%20treaty%20are%20satisfied.\">Department of Justice<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-99180 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/55E091DA-0C56-4FB3-83CC-7F8B5B5ADECF-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/55E091DA-0C56-4FB3-83CC-7F8B5B5ADECF-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/55E091DA-0C56-4FB3-83CC-7F8B5B5ADECF-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/55E091DA-0C56-4FB3-83CC-7F8B5B5ADECF-768x511.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/55E091DA-0C56-4FB3-83CC-7F8B5B5ADECF.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-row row\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-leftmost mosaic-width-two-thirds col-md-8\">\n<div class=\"movable removable mosaic-tile mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile mosaic-tile-padding-right\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<p>&#8220;Through the mutual legal assistance treaty process, the Mexican government provided us with official documentation outlining exactly why they believed that this document belonged to them,\u201d Koch explained.<\/p>\n<p>The Mexican government didn\u2019t have a photograph of the letter but knew its specific dimensions, as well as information about the letter\u2019s exact verbiage. \u201cThat gave us enough probable cause to obtain a seizure warrant to take the document from the auction house and bring it into our custody,\u201d Koch said.<\/p>\n<p>When the FBI seizes an artifact, the Bureau\u2019s priority becomes establishing provenance\u2014or an item\u2019s origin\u2014as well as determining how it arrived at its new location, Koch explained. In this case, FBI Boston invited personnel from Mexico\u2019s national archives to Massachusetts to determine the letter\u2019s authenticity via an in-person examination.<\/p>\n<p>That analysis proved that the letter was genuine, and the FBI investigation determined that neither the person who put the letter up for auction, nor its previous owner, had known it was stolen. The Bureau then began the process of repatriating the artifact to the Mexican government.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-two-thirds mosaic-width-third col-md-4\">\n<div class=\"movable removable mosaic-tile mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-row row\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-grid-cell mosaic-position-leftmost mosaic-width-two-thirds col-md-8\">\n<div class=\"movable removable mosaic-tile mosaic-plone.app.standardtiles.rawhtml-tile mosaic-tile-padding-right mosaic-tile-padding-bottom\">\n<div class=\"mosaic-tile-content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>How Repatriation Works<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">While the legal process behind a cultural repatriation can be complex, in this case, it essentially consisted of two phases.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The first phase was civil forfeiture\u2014or the process by which a court deems an item official property of the United States government.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The second phase was a petition of remission. This gives the U.S. government permission to return an artifact to a foreign government. After a defined waiting period\u2014designed to let people with legal claims to an artifact appeal the civil forfeiture\u2014passes, the petition of remission is granted, and the repatriation can proceed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">At that point, the FBI can organize an artifact\u2019s return to its country of origin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u201cIn this case, I hand-carried the object with me and was met at the airport by the Mexican authorities and the legal attach\u00e9,\u201d Koch recalled. \u201cIn other instances, if the objects are very large, the case agents work with both fine-art shipping companies to have the items properly crated and shipped and with the local U.S. embassy or consulate to have those shipments made into diplomatic pouches to get those items returned to the country.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">From start to finish, the repatriation process can take years. But in the case of Cort\u00e9s letter, Koch said, it took just over 13 months.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u201cI want to thank our colleagues at the Archivo General de la Nacion [Mexican National Archives], the Fiscalia General de la Republica [Mexican Federal Prosecutor\u2019s Office], and the Department of Justice for the swift actions taken on this case to bring home an invaluable piece of Mexican history,\u201d said Supervisory Special Agent Angel Catalan, who leads the FBI legal attach\u00e9 in Mexico City. &#8220;The FBI will continue to collaborate with Mexican entities to identify, trace, and repatriate other items of immeasurable value that belong to Mexico&#8217;s historical and cultural patrimony.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u201cMexico\u2019s General Archive is grateful to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the assistance, coordination, dedication, and effort they showed in defending the interests of Mexico&#8217;s national memory, which resulted in the repatriation of the payment order signed by Hern\u00e1n Cortes in 1527,&#8221; said Dr. Carlos Enrique Ruiz Abreu, director general del Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n. &#8220;I am sure that by working together, the United States and Mexican authorities, we will continue protecting the historical legacy of our peoples, acting as authentic guardians of their cultural heritage.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Recovering the Remaining Documents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">According to Koch, 14 other documents signed by Cort\u00e9s are still missing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">If you are within the United States and have any information about the other documents\u2019 whereabouts, submit a tip to the FBI by calling 1-800-CALL-FBI (1-800-225-5324) or visiting <a href=\"http:\/\/tips.fbi.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-urltype=\"\/view\" data-linktype=\"external\" data-val=\"http:\/\/tips.fbi.gov\">tips.fbi.gov<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; New York &#8211; Rashad Alkhader &#8211; Free Yemen Eye &#8211; From -News-FBI After an investigation by the FBI Boston Division\u2014in collaboration with our legal attach\u00e9 office in Mexico City and our international partners\u2014the FBI returned a letter signed by Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s to the government of Mexico. On July 19, the FBI returned &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":99179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-99178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diverse-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=99178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99178\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/99179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=99178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=99178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fye-yemen.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=99178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}